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The arapaima, pirarucu, or paiche are any large species of bonytongue in the genus ''Arapaima'' native to the Amazon and Essequibo basins of South America. Genus ''Arapaima'' is the type genus of the family Arapaimidae.〔〔Castello, L.; and Stewart, D.J (2008). ''(Assessing CITES non-detriment findings procedures for Arapaima in Brazil. )'' NDF Workshop case studies (Mexico 2008), WG 8 – Fishes, Case study 1〕 They are among the world's largest freshwater fish, reaching as much as .〔 They are important food fish. They have declined in the native range due to overfishing and habitat loss. In contrast, arapaima have been introduced to several tropical regions outside the native range (within South America and elsewhere) where they are sometimes considered invasive species.〔Miranda-Chumacero, G.; Wallace, R.; Calderón, H.; Calderón, G.; Willink, P.; Guerrero, M.; Siles, T.M.; Lara, K.; and Chuqui, D. (2012). ''(Distribution of arapaima (Arapaima gigas) (Pisces: Arapaimatidae) in Bolivia: implications in the control and management of a non-native population. )'' BioInvasions Records 1(2): 129–138〕 Its local name, ''pirarucu'', derives from the indigenous words for "pira" meaning "fish" and "urucum" meaning "red". ''Arapaima'' was traditionally regarded as a monotypic genus, but later several species were distinguished.〔〔Stewart, D.J. (2013). ''A New Species of ''Arapaima'' (Osteoglossomorpha: Osteoglossidae) from the Solimões River, Amazonas State, Brazil.'' Copeia, 2013 (3): 470-476.''〕〔Stewart, D. J. (2013). ''Re-description of Arapaima agassizii (Valenciennes), a rare fish from Brazil (Osteoglossomorpha, Osteoglossidae).'' Copeia, 2013: 38-51〕 As a consequence of this taxonomic confusion, most earlier studies were done using the name ''A. gigas'', but this species is only known from old museum specimens and the exact native range is unclear. The regularly seen and studied species is ''A. arapaima'',〔〔〔Dawes, J: ''(Arapaima Re-classification and the Trade. )'' Retrieved 24 May 2014〕 although a small number of ''A. leptosoma'' also have been recorded in the aquarium trade.〔Howard, B.C. (13 October 2013). ''(New Species of Giant Air-Breathing Fish: Freshwater Species of the Week. )'' National Geographic. Retrieved 24 May 2014〕 The remaining species are virtually unknown: ''A. agassizii'' from old detailed drawings (the type specimen itself was lost during World War II bombings) and ''A. mapae'' from the type specimen.〔〔〔 ''A. arapaima'' is relatively thickset compared to the remaining species.〔〔 ==Taxonomy== FishBase recognizes four species in the genus. In addition to these, evidence suggests that a fifth species, ''A. arapaima'' should be recognized (this being the widespread, well-known species, otherwise included in ''A. gigas'').〔〔〔〔Clarke, M. (15 January 2010).''(Five Arapaima species, not one. )'' Practicalfishkeeping. Retrieved 24 May 2014.〕 * ''Arapaima arapaima'' Valenciennes, 1847 * ''Arapaima agassizii'' Valenciennes, 1847 * ''Arapaima gigas'' Schinz, 1822 * ''Arapaima leptosoma'' D. J. Stewart, 2013 * ''Arapaima mapae'' Valenciennes, 1847 These fish are widely dispersed and do not migrate, which leads scientists to suppose that more species are waiting to be discovered among the depths of the Amazon Basin harbors. Sites such as these offer the likelihood of diversity.〔Arantes, Caroline C., Leandro Castello, Mauricio Cetra, and Ana Schilling. "Environmental Influences on the Distribution of Arapaima in Amazon Floodplains." Environmental Biology of Fishes (2011): 1257-267. Print.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Arapaima」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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